THE FARCE OF BLANCO BARRO

SPANISH VERSION

THE SIGNING OF LLANO TUGRI

As a genuine sword of Damocles the government held the affected villages on the banks of the Tabasará River by the infamous Barro Blanco project. Finally on August 18 residents reported that the company with the approval of the government proceeded to flood the territories remaining from the Comarca prior to the scheduled signature of the Llano Tugri agreement on August 22, 2016. 

Since July 29 the government through the ASEP stated in written form flooding conditions, until the affected communities reach agreement with the situation - or until a mutual agreement is not arrived with the government the supposedly flooding test will not be completed but will remain at the elevation of 87.5 meters. With this fact they had also ignored the injunction filed by the affected communities before the Inter-American Court of Human Rights. 

But even more important the tacit agreement between the government and the affected communities not to flood beyond the level of 87.5 meters elevation to protect sacred petroglyphs Mama Tatda and the cultural community of KIAD itself.

Besides Law 10 expressly prohibits private alienation of the Comarca, in this case by a reservoir. We do not understand how the national government has been complicit and participant in this illegality. Apparently in Panama and the rest of the world the rope breaks at the thinnest.


https://youtu.be/F3zrQPQUL0g

In Llano Tugri or Boabdti capital of the Ngäbe Bugle the government  obtained the signature of the Cacica imposing the Barro Blanco proposition, where the government always wished to discredit the protest saying they were just seven people. But they do not tell of the hundreds of Ngäbe people, many bussed in by the government. Who having seen themselves deceived with promises of new homes, roads and schools.  But not the real reason for the meeting in exchange for the signature for Barro Blanco. Began shouting and questioning the Cacica, who had to take refuge in a classroom in company of the president and other government officials[i].  All this despite the government had mounted an impressive display of security. We can say that between government security body SPI and national police were as many policemen as people.

The Caciques Chito Gallardo and Jeremias Montero
were retained by the people

It was a theater where some chiefs were even  retained by the public to prevent them into signing the proposal. Although in the end they were forcibly removed by a police cordon.

Weni  Bagama (center) anf the mother of Jeronimo Tugri

It must be said that our companion Weni Bagama and directly affected by the project, and who was accompanied by the mother of fallen Ngäbe Jerome Tugri in 2012 was pepper sprayed in the face for opposing such a farce. Now as someone who rubs salt in the wound the national government through its propaganda campaign with great fanfare announced the signing of this illegal and illegitimate agreement.

The Cacica with the President in the rear Alvin Weeden

THE CACICA

As for the Cacica she came accompanied by her two guardian angels from the economic world Alvin Weeden and Roberto Eisenmann who in their time opposed the military regime. But we ask, what are the real interests of these two controversial figures who advise the Cacica? Since the last administration Bobby had provided the Cacica several ATVs of the Hilux type very much to the displeasure of the former occupant of the Palace of the Garzas Ricardo Martinelli. Who in fact initiated legal process for threatening "national security" and was the subject of accusations of tax evasion [ii] .  Perhaps the developer of Playa Coronado and founding member of La Prensa would have plenty of business deals in mind when he wrote his article Barro Blanco the great problem and the great opportunity [iii]  and continuing my learning [iv]   As for Alvin Weeden he represents a funeral home that seeks to cremate bodies within the residential area of San Pablo in the City of David [v] .He was involved in the regrettable assault to a journalist [vi] . In addition to staging an embarrassing incident when he went to the fists with the so called secretary of the anti-corruption front  Enrique Chito Montenegro [vii]  the last day that he was Comptroller of Mireya and where he suffered the worst part [viii] .  Mr. Weeden was severely questioned in the Debate Abierto Sunday program [ix] . These two gentlemen have a close business ties since both conducted banking business in Florida [x].

Currently the Cacica is far from the iconic figure that brought together the opposition to the  Martinelli regime and has become almost a fixture, a garment for the present Varela government when going out on tours especially to the UN to seek acceptance for its 'indigenous' and neoliberal policies.  At one time as for the Cacica even the 'sulias' and Latinos venerated her as one that faced the Martinelli government with the support from the Coordinadora Ngäbe, in addition to various sectors of civil society that managed to paralyze the entire country for more than ten days in their struggle against hydroelectric dams and mining; and the intentions of Martinelli and his cronies to exploit the copper and gold of Cerro Colorado - called 'the treasure of Torrijos' that the general himself would not exploit due to its serious environmental consequences.

We honestly believed in her candor, in her simplicity, and dignity of the feisty Ngäbe since being activist of M10 itself in its infancy in 1999 and who was imprisoned for her involvement and opposition to the Tabasará 1 and 2 projects at the time belonging to the consortium Tabasará SA of Pipo Virzi and Gabriel Btesh. The Tabasará 1 project which would eventually transform into a monster with a new name and disguise into the deplorable Barro Blanco.  Unfortunately it seems that the perks and privileges with the present government can do more to change conscience in some people. The last thing we heard was that she asked for four bodyguards for fear of being imprisoned by her own people[xi].



Demesio Cases arrives in helicopter

DECREE 537 NULL FOR UNLAWFUL

Summarizing the government desperately wanted to legitimize its failed Barro Blanco project with this improvised and hasty signing unaware that the Cacica herself remained disqualified and ineffectual as stated in the Supreme Court judgment NULL FOR UNLAWFUL for Decree 537 [xii]  and has only been bolstered de facto by this government [xiii] .  But more important, even if she was exercising her functions these only reach those administrative a clear abuse of functions. The real power of decision under Law 10 lay in the General Congress in plenary, which remained non-subsistent by this ruling as well as its president Demesio Cases.  Any arrangement with this 'witch' Congress will therefore be NULL FOR UNLAWFUL. But there is always the Traditional Congress of Pedro Nola outside the Electoral Tribunal which was not recognized by the Martinelli government (nor it seems by this government either) and the decree 537 itself which also remained nullified.  It should also be noted that just as nothing happens by chance in this folkloric country of selective and concocted justice. Country where the 'wagon' is always placed ahead of the oxen. In this case they have tried to place the Cacica Carrera ahead of the Congress and now seek to ratify this agreement by a now defunct witch Congress.


Mr.Martin Santiago

The most curious of these events has been that the government has awarded the Order Manuel Amador Guerrero to Mr. Martin Santiago of the UNDP "facilitator" of this so-called "dialogue" where the actual affected people by this failed project were absent[xiv].

THE PRESSURE OF THE BANKS

As expected the company made a complete drama brandishing it’s worn out legal security [xv]  to urge the government to proceed to carry out their fateful filling to totality flooding the affected communities, their sacred petroglyphs, cutting off their food supply, and even their source of drinking water and way of life.  However the affected people have resisted and refused to yield to the claims of this unscrupulous company not to mention another term, supported by the funding banks such as the Dutch FMO, DEG of Germany and CABEI based in Honduras home of these Central American 'investors'.

Berta Caceres

Banks which have financed other projects of death as Santa Rita in Guatamala, Aguan where dozens of peasants have lost their lives and Agua Zarca in Honduras where our companion in struggle Berta Caceres lost her life and many others, and who are only interested in the rate of return of their capital who have kept the government blackmailed through closed door meetings on July 6, 2016 to move forward with this infamous project.  It is not possible that these banks hold the government hostage, when its function is to ensure the welfare and safety of its people first starting with its most vulnerable sector which is its indigenous people.

ROLE OF ECONOMIC GROUPS

It is not science fiction it is real, the flooding of Barro Blanco promoted and applauded by the worst mercantile commercial interests of the neighborhood - such as the Chamber of Commerce or CONEP, or if we could also call them 'council of pirate companies' that brings together the most reluctant and backward interests of the country, many of them members of the circle zero [xvi]  of the president.  According to their optics they do not have to respect their indigenous ancient culture but must 'civilize' them at all costs, so that they become followers, and are made dependent on consumer society, to the crumbs of consumerism and to serve as cheap labor, not to say i.e. slaves of the powerful elite interests.  Since their true cultural elevation neither forms part of this interior agrarian society where they are exploited mercilessly with alcohol every weekend and neither are they among the objectives of these haughty gentlemen of the CONEP, Chamber of Commerce and related groups.

Ngabes affected by Chan 75 assemble outside of the Presidency

At the point of the agreement where it says "The hydroelectric project Barro Blanco will be operated by a group of professionals hired for such purpose ..." reports leaked of the company specialized in dam management is AES an American Company with Panamanian partners from the circle zero. Which has breached the agreements with the ngäbe people even until today with the Chan 75 project in Bocas del Toro which resulted in thousands displaced.  A few days ago demonstrators gathered at the premises of the presidency to demand compliance with these agreements and commitments of the company after all these years.  

Adolfo Miranda

GUALAQUITA and the UNIVERSITY

The government in this Barro Blanco novel has cleverly used the technique of the toad submerged in water which they would gradually raise the temperature so that it would not panic and jump out of the pot. Upon reaching boiling temperature it would already be too late because there would not have been a reaction in time, or so they thought.  The reaction to such ill-consented signing were swift with unexpected closures in Gualaquita on the 26 of August 2016. The police action against the followers of Mama Tatda in the Gualaquita closures was horrific [xvii] .  Many of these elements were the same that had supressed the ngäbe workers in Bocas del Toro when they protested in 2010 that resulted in two deaths and where dozens of Ngäbes workers who lost their eyesight. Some have even taken away their lives to no longer be disabled. At that moment the executioner Martinelli and his servile Minister Mulino had said that the Indians were 'drunk and ignorant' in a clear sign of racism and this gave the units carte blanche to frankly do as they pleased[xviii].

Varela's government in its disinformation campaign wished to detract credibility minimizing these clashes at Gualaquita. First denying them, then saying these pictures were 2 or 3 years ago and spinning the facts. While there were violent clashes with groups of Mama Tatda protesters in Bocas del Toro. Those who consider the Tabasará River as sacred, but also fight against other megaprojects like Chan 2 and the Thermoelectric which they want to build in Chiriquí Grande.  According to the inhabitant and a spokeswoman for the affected Ofelia Carrizo pellets (perdigones) and other projectiles were used which they were able to collect as evidence [xix] . There were a dozen wounded Ngäbes who feared to reach hospitals for fear of being arrested. There was a protester who had lost vision in one eye because of a perdigon.



They doused their food with pepper spray

The units not satisfied with their suppression began a chase to the nearby hills and doused their homes and food with pepper gas. The inhabitants found upon returning their belongings and even their sacred mama tatda flag of their movement burned. Interestingly one of their houses caught fire on dawn during the next day’s siege,  

Here is a list of the wounded:



The Mama Tatda flag found burnt

WOUNDED IN GUALAQUITA

WITH PERDIGONES

Dorinda Beker

Home in  Gualaquita on fire

Magdalena Escalante

Alfredo Jiménez

BLOW IN THE HEAD

Federico Castillo

WITH PERDIGONES

Lorenzo Miranda

WITH PERDIGON IN THE CHEST

Ricardo Palacio

PERDIGON IN THE FACE

Samuel Palacio

WITH PERDIGON

Odalia Castillo

PERDIGON IN THE FACE

Teresa Santo

PERDIGON IN THE CHEST

Marciano Quintero

PERDIGON

Ernesto Morales

PERDIGON

Luterio Valdez

STRONG BLOW IN THE HEAD

Luis Santo Castillo

BLOW IN THE HEAD AND ARM

Rigoberto Castillo

PERDIGONES

Delfina Miranda

PERDIGON IN THE KNEE

WOUNDED SERIOUSLY

Adolfo Miranda OF 34 YEARS...TRAUMA IN THE RIGHT EYE WITH PERDIGON.... NOT BEEN TAKEN TO DOCTOR.....

Eliseo Sella...

Gualaquita under siege

DEEP BLOW TO HEAD AND DETAINED..... 48 HOURS...

THERE ARE OTHER WOUNDED....

Lorenzo Robinson

PERDIGON IN THE CHEST

Thanks to Frenadeso and all other organizations of civil society in supporting the heroic people of Gualaquita.

Gualaquita

Also protests of support took place at the National University where closures and clashes occurred with the crowd control UCM units the day after the unfortunate clashes in Gualaquita and resulted in a wounded student with projectile. Fortunately it was in the ear and not in the eye.

During the clashes the Trans-Isthmian Highway was blocked by the units themselves. A funeral procession of a girl who had died in the neighboring suburb of Nuevo Veranillo could not leave for this blockade by the uniformed units.

 VISIT TO KIAD

We just returned from KIAD after witnessing the farce of Llano Tugri. Water levels have reached near the community of KIAD isolating it completely, besides affecting 5 communities across the Comarca region [xxi].

It is so overwhelming to see the pathways we have traveled hundreds of times over the years being submerged underwater. The petroglyphs are completely submerged. There is only a red flag to indicate its location. The path is already being flooded.

Snakes and poisonous serpents emerge from their dens in the reservoir to the mainland. The boys just killed a huge snake. The water is approaching the house of Luis 'Bulu' Jimenez in Kiad.

Enormous boa swimming prior the reservoir

Kiad will become ‘incomunicado’ since all paths will be flooded by the rising reservoir. Seeing this desolation we ask where are the famous environmental organizations of the country? Have its trustees and directors being taken up by these same predator entrepreneurs of the circle zero [xxi]  that only flaunt a "light environmentalism 'on weekends?

The only drinking water source was about to be submerged by the reservoir. Yours truly before leaving managed to obtain more than twenty PVC pipes so that the community could continue obtaining water supply from the mountains. The government with all its resources has not even been interested in the problem.

The Tabasará River water used to be clear and clean, full of life, has now become a mass of murky, inert, stinky, polluted water. To say that it never occurred to me to bathe in these putrid waters. We have never seen a dirtier dam project with so much methane emissions product of decaying organic matter.  


https://youtu.be/z7J2J6HLfP8

 

CARBON BONDS

We got to see with our very own eyes emanations of methane bubbles in our boat trip to Quebrada Caña product of the Barro Blanco reservoir. Perhaps that is why hydroelectric dams are no longer being certified in the now renamed Sustainable Development Mechanism for its polluting effects.

We honestly do not understand how such a farce of a project has been rewarded with the coveted carbon bonds, or credits. Today with the new rules this project would never be certified. But the first requirement is not violating human rights. It is an anachronism we do not understand. Actually among the biggest polluters in the world besides fossil fuels, automobiles and agro-industry are precisely these mega reservoir dams.  But to realize the farce and swindle of carbon bonds, we must see precisely that the oil companies and the largest polluters on the planet are the main sponsors of the now called Sustainable Development Mechanism. As it was seen in the last meeting of the COP21 in Paris last year. It's the same as allowing the fox to guard the henhouse.

THE PETROGLYPHS ARE FLOODING

Not to mention the sacred petroglyphs for the mama tatda religion - perhaps others may not care because they consider them as a pagan monument, not caring the sacred universal right to practice their religion

.

Perhaps to the atheist Christ's tomb would not have the slightest importance? But for a humanist apart of their convictions, regardless of their belief would respect any cultural or spiritual manifestations of other peoples.

The petroglyphs were submerged under water more than a week ago and the only thing that indicates its place is a red flag tied to a high pole.

While on television the official from the Foreign Ministry Jacqueline Ruiz commented mistakenly without even being familiar with the place was saying that the petroglyphs remain submerged under water much of the year echoing the company's version [xxii] .
That is totally false. Similarly the company as a way to justify the situation of the reservoir has said the river would flood the petroglyphs during its swellings, such may be true. But this is only for a moment until the waters seek their level. They try to justify these seasonal floods with a permanent flood. Now with this project they will remain submerged forever desecrated by this criminal project. That is the difference.



Foto Agustin Abad

But the strangest thing about this country dominated by reactionary interests has been that although the authorities have been aware of the situation of danger that the petroglyphs were running because of this unconscious project. They never bothered to send specialized personnel to study and verify the details of this archaeological and cultural treasure. So according to these so called officials if it doesn't exist in the cultural heritage or its disposable Barro Blanco EIA it simply doesn't exist.

AGRICULTURAL AND HEALTH CONDITIONS

The area has always been characterized by not having mosquitos, only 'chitras' (gnats) related to livestock activity, from the pastures and any rural area of the country. Finally the government through the Ministry of Health took notice upon the explosion of mosquitoes product of the backwaters and heeded the community warning briefly visiting some areas affected by the plague of mosquitoes to fumigate, address the problem and attend sick people.

The farmers in the area also feel unprotected concerned about the health of their animals by contaminated water filled with pathogens. Also because they have lost much of their improved pasture grass by the reservoir and the dangerous passage of their animals through this huge body of water. Already they may not be able to herd them and represent danger of drowning for both animals and cowboys. The solution may be if the government were a more responsible and conscious one, in addition to cancelling the project they could build a broad shallow ford for crossing livestock and even people.

Fishes continue to die

LATEST FLOOD SITUATION

As we already know the government signed with the Cacica the KIAD flooding. At this time the petroglyphs are already underwater and a great lake has formed around KIAD. The community actually built a rowboat or canoe to go back and forth as the river rapids are a thing of the past. The waters are murky and all the fish are already dead.

Home of Bulu Jimenez gets flooded

Rather all is a big lake. In these last moments the water has entered the cultural community of KIAD and has begun to flood the first houses including Luis Bulu Jimenez and Clementina Gonzalez at these moments arrested in demonstrations in Vigui.

¿BARRO BLANCO RUN OF THE RIVER OR RESERVOIR DAM?

Barro Blanco mistakenly calls itself in its disposable EIA a "run of the river" dam.  Nothing further from the truth. According to the World Commission on Dams WCD “run of the river" hydros are those that store water up to 10 hours[xxiii].

As we all know the turbid reservoir that now holds Barro Blanco is the result of several weeks of damming. The most frequent complaint against dams especially in Chiriqui is that they dry up rivers especially "run of the river" hydros where they get to intubate 90% of the flow intake up to 20 kms as had been the case of the Rio Chiriqui Viejo or Watershed 102. Leaving behind only a small "ecological" flow full of tadpoles, stones and mosquitoes.

In the case of Barro Blanco in the basin 114 of the Tabasará River as all other reservoir dams which in themselves have become obsolete by more efficient energy generation methods. It dams its water creating huge reservoirs often displacing entire communities and villages. Interestingly it is said that these reservoir dams "prevent flooding." But what we see in Barro Blanco is that they produced major flooding affecting 18 hectares in the comarca regional basin (not just 6.9 hectares according to UNDP) but according to the latest measurements by the Tommy Guardia Institute, which has forever submerged fields, fertile farmland and "subsistence" farming areas.  In addition to displacing entire families, flooding ancestral cemeteries, submerging sacred and invaluable spiritual and world heritage petroglyphs, truncating productive lives at the care of the land. No wonder the WCD has ruled that dams have displaced more people than wars [xxiv].

In the case of Barro Blanco they have also violated the laws and principles that protect indigenous peoples such as Law 10, the Constitution and the Universal Rights of Indigenous Peoples. To say that Panama despite numerous promises refuses to implement the ILO Convention 169.

SIEPAC line

OTHER SOURCES OF ENERGY

Our country has embarked on a frantic campaign of construction of hydroelectric plants, many run of the river but others reservoir dams as Barro Blanco. In order to meet the conditions imposed by the Plan Puebla Panama now called Mesoamerica Project. But also for the interconnection with SIEPAC to provide energy to other nations of Central America. The country lacks a progressive policy consonant with energy saving and is taken up by retardant outdated elements and who espouse hydro above all other energy sources.  In Panama hydroelectric power is no longer required - away with the pseudo argument that the hydro are the most reliable means, as the advance of time has proven otherwise. The world is emerging from hydro, an outdated method that has been deprecated in most advanced countries. Replaced by truly renewable sources such as wind farms and photo-voltaic parks that have lowered their price even below fossil fuel, not to mention how costly economically and environmentally of reservoir dams.

Parque Foto Voltaico San Lorenzo

There is so much natural resources as wind and sun and truly renewable sources to generate electricity in the Comarca that there is no need to dam any river. Why do we have to use and pollute something as valuable and scarce as are rivers and the sources of water and life?

Parque Eólico Valle Central -
Eólicas Santa Ana Costa Rica

Enough to see in the Comarca division of Llano Tugri or Boabdti or the constant bursts with cloud laden trade winds blowing throughout the year without mentioning the vast expanses of land devoted to grazing that can easily accommodate numerous photo-voltaic parks. If we see this immense natural wealth we wonder why we need Barro Blanco?

LATEST NEWS

Since they proceeded to the flooding and the illegal signing of Llano Tugri, on September 5th the International Day of Indigenous Women, there were organized multitudinous marches, demonstrations and street closures from Pacora, Colon, and within the capital where a march of the Coordinadora Victoriano Lorenzo who espouse land for the dispossessed and the cancellation of Barro Blanco. Which was on its way to the presidency when they were intercepted and returned by UCM units back to the Plaza 5 de Mayo where they joined up with the Ngäbe Bugle Civil Society who were demonstrating at the moment in the Legislative Plaza.  Suddenly the protester group was attacked by police units who displayed unusual police brutality against peaceful demonstrators.  

La Prensa

A single protester was assaulted by more than 6 police units. At the end of the day there were about 18 detained during this civic bout.

Closures were also recorded in Vigui and San Felix and where approximately over 1000 police units have been stationed in neighboring Las Lajas awaiting orders. Similarly there were closures in Gualaquita, Norteño and other sectors of the Ñokribo Comarcal region and in Valle de Agua and elsewhere in the Caribbean province of Bocas del Toro also occurred.

Clementina Gonzalez directly affected

Until September 7 closures and clashes between riot police and the April 10 Movement and directly affected were recorded in the Vigui sector where Clementina Gonzalez a young Ngäbe lady and directly affected by the project, was imprisoned, who at this moment her home is being flooded in the cultural community of KIAD.

Toribio Garcia's commercial site burned

We were lucky to see her released day before yesterday on September 8 by the Personería in Tole. Also the Traditional Cacique and community leader Toribio Garcia who had a modest commercial site in the area of Vigui found it burned down by 'unknowns'. The strangest thing is that the area was surrounded at all times by police. It's no wonder the motive and modus operandi as we have seen typical of these vandalic elements that are coddled and protected by this imposing government who had wished to silence him.

Apparently those 7 people that President Varela alluded to in Llano Tugri on August 22 have become THOUSANDS united by a single goal CANCELLATION OF BARRO BLANCO and FREE TABASARÁ.

________________________________________________________________________

[i] http://www.panamaamerica.com.pa/nacion/indigenas-enfrentan-varela-por-hidroelectrica-barro-blanco-1039899

[ii] http://www.panamaamerica.com.pa/content/eisenmann-companies-es-denunciada-ante-la-dgi

[iii] http://impresa.prensa.com/opinion/Barro-Blanco-gran-Roberto-Eisenmann_0_4251324908.html

[iv] http://www.prensa.com/opinion/Continuando-aprendizaje-Roberto-Eisenmann-Jr_0_4555044647.html

[v] http://laestrella.com.pa/panama/nacional/weeden-casi-golpes-moradores-pablo/23853729

[vi] http://goo.gl/6hW6nI 

[vii] http://www.frenteanticorrupcionpanama.com/noticia_8.php

[viii] http://portal.critica.com.pa/archivo/01012005/nacional.html

[ix] http://www.rpctv.com/programas/debate_abierto_dominical/Analisis-firma-acuerdo-Barro-Blanco_3_948235186.html

[x] http://elcasosamos.weebly.com/

[xi] http://m.midiario.com/uhora/nacionales/cacica-silvia-carrera-teme-ser-llevada-al-cepo

[xii] http://www.nodal.am/2016/05/panama-declaran-ilegal-la-injerencia-del-tribunal-electoral-en-las-elecciones-indigenas/

[xiii] http://www.panamaamerica.com.pa/nacion/mingob-fallo-de-la-csj-no-interfiere-en-cargo-de-silvia-carrera-1028344

[xiv] http://laestrella.com.pa/panama/nacional/otorgan-orden-manuel-amador-guerrera-martin-santiago-herrera/23958718

[xv] http://www.panamaamerica.com.pa/tema-del-dia/agujeros-negros-empanan-el-acuerdo-de-barro-blanco-1040214

[xvi] http://www.panamaamerica.com.pa/tema-del-dia/dinero-religion-y-poder-el-circulo-cero-de-varela-1026669  http://www.panamaamerica.com.pa/sites/default/files/documentos/2016/05/17/pa_a_060_20160101_2322308_01848261_13853130.pdf

[xvii] http://prensa-latina.cu/index.php/component/content/?o=rn&id=22845&SEO=indigenas-panamenos-denuncian-abuso-policial-en-su-contra&Itemid=1

[xviii] https://vimeo.com/18375622

[xix] http://www.panamaamerica.com.pa/nacion/policia-uso-perdigones-en-protesta-contra-proyecto-de-barro-blanco-1040729

[xx] http://www.panamaamerica.com.pa/tema-del-dia/cinco-comunidades-aledanas-barro-blanco-se-inundan-1040374

[xxi] http://www.panamaamerica.com.pa/sites/default/files/documentos/2016/05/17/pa_a_060_20160101_2322308_01848261_13853130.pdf

[xxii] http://www.tvn-2.com/videos/radar/Bloque-Pasos-acuerdo-Barro-Blanco_2_4561813807.html

[xxiii] http://goo.gl/Ms2Rj2

[xxiv] http://www.alainet.org/es/active/47848